Discussing Texas V. Johnson Essay - 1632 Words

Discussing Texas v. Johnson This paper will dive in and analyze the decision of the U.S. Supreme Court in the case, Texas v. Johnson, and the still active controversy among the public concerning what circumstances state governments and the federal government have the right to constitutionally prohibit the burning or other form of desecration to the American Flag. Under its decision in Texas v. Johnson the later ruling in the case of United States v. Eichman, in 1990, the Supreme Court had ruled that government can not bring criminal prosecutions against those whom burn or desecrate the American flag so long as they are engaged in expressions of political views without abridging the right of free speech guaranteed under the First Amendment to the United States Constitution at the time. These rulings have sparked public controversy over whether the Court has gone beyond its correct constitutional role and multiple proposed constitutional amendments to overturn the Court s decisions which have failed to pass due to lack of majority. In 1984, Marxist Gregory Johnson, a known radical participated outside of the Republican National Convention in Dallas to perform a political demonstration against policies of the administration of Ronald Reagan and certain Dallas corporations. During this time, Gregory burned an American flag, was arrested, tried and convicted in a Dallas court of a violation of Texas Penal Code Ann. sec. 42.09(a)(3) and sentenced to one year in prison. ThatShow MoreRelatedEssay on Hate Speech is the Price We Must Pay for Freedom of Speech2302 Words   |  10 Pagesimportant? Many views exist and are hotly debated, but most agree that this amendment has enabled some of the best things in the history of our country to be said; and ultimately done. However it has also enabled some of the worst.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  When discussing hate speech one has to address fighting words. Fighting words are words that the Supreme Court believes that even the mere utterance of them will inflict injury or incite an immediate breach of the peace. The court also believes these words areRead MoreCan the Power of the Supreme Court Be Justified in a Democracy1375 Words   |  6 Pagesto have to create a ruling on this issue which many commentators believed would be with Newdow however he lost custody making him unable to bring the case to the supreme court as his daughters education was no longer seen as his concern. When discussing the Supreme Courts powers, its ideological stance must be taken into consideration. The last 50 years has seen the court move from one which believed in judicial activism to one which now practices more judicial restraint. This is important as itRead MoreThe Bad Luck Kennedys Essay1236 Words   |  5 Pagessad to see a well-respected family go through such tragedies, its almost as the world was plotting against these people. In this essay, I will be talking about the multitude of the happenings in this strangely voodooed family. This essay will be discussing the strange happenings to this family from the early half of the twentieth century to more recent times; chronicling the trials and tribulations this family has gone through over these many, many years. To start this essay, well be talking aboutRead More Hate Crimes and The Mitchell v. Wisconsin Decision Essay example5764 Words   |  24 PagesHate Crimes and The Mitchell v. Wisconsin Decision The American Heritage Dictionary defines hate as intense dislike or animosity. However, defining hate as the basis for a crime is not as easy without possibly jeopardizing constitutional rights in the process. Hate crime laws generally add enhanced punishments to existing statues. A hate crime law seeks to treat a crime, if it can be demonstrated that the offense was a hate crime differently from the way it would be treated under ordinary criminalRead MoreResearch Outline Gay Marriage Essay2797 Words   |  12 Pagescouples; marriage is one of the basic civil rights and denying any American that right is unconstitutional. Issue 1: Legislative History First Push For Marriage Rights â€Å"In 1942 the U.S. Supreme Court ruled in Skinner v. Oklahoma that marriage is â€Å"one of the basic civil rights.† Loving v. Virginia, decided by the Supreme Court in 1967, ended race discrimination in marriage and also affirmed: â€Å"The freedom to marry has long been recognized as one of the vital personal rights essential to the orderlyRead MoreEssay on Political Maneuvering and the Civil Rights Act of 19642775 Words   |  12 Pagesthe DNA of Americans. This skepticism is not without reason – the actions of American politicians in the 1960s and 70s caused much of America to wonder about the motives of elected officials. However, such skepticism is rarely brought up when discussing the government’s participation in denouncing oppression against the African-American community. Most assume the government enforced equal opportunity for minorities out of compassion and humanity. However, much like the other major actions ofRead MoreThe Constitution And The Federal Government3242 Words   |  13 Pagesplace to settle disputes between the states over boundaries and trade, some States charged high taxes on the goods and people from other States. Another argument made by the Federalists was in James Madison’s essay number 10 in the Federalist Papers discussing how creation of a representative form of government could help the people as a whole against â€Å"factions† so one group could not develop too much power or influence over another. The Anti- Federalist argued the Constitution gave too much power toRead MoreBoyer Dbq Teacher Guide10764 Words   |  44 Pagesstudents will probably conclude that England’s efforts were most successful, though students should not be penalized for other conclusions, provided that they provide a persuasive rationale. Note the limits of the question in terms of place and time. Discussing the sugar colonies in the West Indies would be ruled out by the phrase â€Å"eastern seaboard of North America.† While the question focuses on colonies established prior to 1660, the documents refer to some things that happened later and a student couldRead MoreEssay about Affirmative Action: A Means to End Inequality4387 Words   |  18 Pagescollege students held rallies and protests, in support of and opposing affirmative action, leading up to legal briefs concerning the University of Michigan’s admissions policy were due to the U.S. Supreme Court in the cases of Grutter v. Bollinger and Gratz and Hamacher v. Bollinger (Anonymous 26). It is obvious that there is much conflict about issues relating to affirmative action, and many arguments exist about whether or not it is effective in eliminating inequality. Many argue that affirmativeRead MoreEqual Education for all Class Societies Essay2956 Words   |  12 Pagesmust understand the importance and significance it has on society. Laws have been previously passed to avoid unequal education and opportunity in the United States. The Elementary and Secondary Education Act was passed by President Lyndon B. Johnson in 1970 and is reauthorized every five years since its enactment. Abbreviated as ESEA, the act funds primary and secondary education. It also stresses equal access to education and establishes high standards and accountability. The bill also aims

Night World Secret Vampire Chapter 3 Free Essays

string(46) " Night People could fall in love with ahuman\." All Poppy could think of was the pretty bald girl inthe gift shop. Cancer. â€Å"But-but they can do something about it, can’tthey?† she said, and even to her own ears her voice sounded very young. We will write a custom essay sample on Night World : Secret Vampire Chapter 3 or any similar topic only for you Order Now â€Å"I mean-if they had to, theycould take my pancreasout†¦.† â€Å"Oh, sweetheart, of course. â€Å"Poppy’s mother took Poppy in her arms. â€Å"I promise you; if there’s some thing wrong, we’ll do anything and everything to fix it. I’d go to the ends of the earth to make you well. You knowthat. And at this point we aren’t even sure that there issomething wrong. Dr. Franklin said that it’s extremely rare for teenagers to get a tumor in the pancreas. Extremely rare. So let’s not worry about things until we have to.† Poppy felt herself relax; the pit was covered again. But somewhere near her core she still felt cold. â€Å"I haveto call James.† Her mother nodded. â€Å"Just make it quick.† Poppy kept her fingers crossed as she dialedJames’s apartment. Please be there, please be there, she thought. And for once, he was. He answered laconically, but as soon as he heard her voice, he said, â€Å"What’s wrong?† â€Å"Nothing-well, everything. Maybe.† Poppy heardherself give a wild sort of laugh. It wasn’t exactly alaugh. â€Å"What happened?† James said sharply. â€Å"Did youhave a fight with Cliff?† â€Å"No. Cliff’s at the office. And I’m going into thehospital.† â€Å"Why?† â€Å"They think I might have cancer.† It was a tremendous relief to say it, a sort of emo tional release. Poppy laughed again. Silence on the other end of the line. â€Å"Hello?† â€Å"I’m here,† James said. Then he said, â€Å"I’m coming over.† â€Å"No, there’s no point. I’ve got to leave in a minute.† She waited for him to say that he’d come and see her in the hospital, but he didn’t. â€Å"James, would you do something for me? Wouldyou find out whatever you can about cancer in the pancreas? Just in case.† â€Å"Is that what they think you have?† â€Å"They don’t know for sure. They’re giving me some tests. I just hope they don’t have to use any needles.† Another laugh, but inside she was reeling. She wished James would say something comforting.†I’ll see what I can find on the Net.† His voice was unemotional, almost expressionless. â€Å"And then you can tell me later-they’ll probablylet you call me at the hospital.† â€Å"Yeah.† â€Å"Okay, I have to go. My mom’s waitin†Ã¢â‚¬ Take care of yourself.† Poppy hung up, feeling empty. Her mother wasstanding in the doorway.†Come on, Poppet. Let’s go.† James sat very still, looking at the phone withoutseeing it. She was scared, and he couldn’t help her. He’dnever been very good at inspirational small talk. It wasn’t, he thought grimly, in his nature. To give comfort you had to have a comfortableview of the world. And James had seen too much of the world to have any illusions. He could deal with cold facts, though. Pushingaside a pile of assorted clutter, he turned on his lap top and dialed up the Internet. Within minutes he was using Gopher to search theNational Cancer Institute’s CancerNet. The first file he found was listed as â€Å"Pancreatic cancer-Patient.†He scanned it. Stuff about what the pancreas did,stages of thedisease, treatments.Nothingtoo gruesome. Thenhewentinto â€Å"PancreaticcancerPhysician–a file meant for doctors. The first lineheld him paralyzed. Cancer of the exocrine pancreas is rarely curable. His eyes skimmed down the lines. Overall survival rate †¦ metastasis †¦ poor response to chemotherapy, ra diation therapy and surgery †¦ pain †¦ Pain. Poppy was brave, but facing constant painwould crush anyone. Especially when the outlook for the future was so bleak. He looked at the top of the article again. Overallsurvival rate less than three percent. If the cancer had spread, less than one percent. There must be more information. James wentsearching again and came up with several articles from newspapers and medical journals. They wereeven worse than the NCI file. The overwhelming majority of patients will die, and dieswiftly, experts say†¦. Pancreatic cancer is usually inoperable, rapid, and debilitatingly painful†¦. The averagesurvival if the cancer has spread can be three weeks tothree months†¦. Three weeks to three months. James stared at the laptop’s screen. His chest andthroat felt tight; his vision was blurry. He tried to control it, telling himself that nothing was certain yet. Poppy was being tested, that didn’t mean she had cancer. But the words rang hollow in his mind. He had known for some time that something was wrong with Poppy. Something was-disturbed-inside her.He’d sensed that the rhythms of her body wereslightly off; he could tell she was losing sleep. Andthe pain-he always knew when the pain was there.He just hadn’t realized how serious it was. Poppy knows, too, he thought. Deep down, she knows that something very bad is going on, or she wouldn’t have asked me to find this out. But whatdoes she expect me to do, walk in and tell her she’s going to die in a few months? And am I supposed to stand around and watch it? His lips pulled back from his teeth slightly. Not anice smile, more of a savage grimace. He’d seen a lot of death in seventeen years. He knew the stages ofdying, knew the difference between the moment breathing stopped and the moment the brain turnedoff; knew the unmistakable ghostlike pallor of a freshcorpse. The way the eyeballs flattened out about five minutes after expiration. Now, that was a detail most people weren’t familiar with. Five minutes after you die, your eyes go flat and filmy gray. And then your body starts to shrink. You actually get smaller. Poppy was so small already. He’d always been afraid of hurting her. She lookedso fragile, and he could hurt somebody much stronger if he wasn’t careful. That was one reason hekept a certain distance between them. One reason. Not the main one. The other was something he couldn’t put intowords, not even to himself. It brought him right up to the edge of the forbidden. To face rules that had been ingrained in him since birth. None of the Night People could fall in love with ahuman. You read "Night World : Secret Vampire Chapter 3" in category "Essay examples" The sentence for breaking the law was death. It didn’t matter. He knew what he hadto do now.Where he had to go. Cold and precise, James loggedoff the Net. Hestood, picked up his sunglasses, slid them into place. Went out into the merciless June sunlight, slamminghis apartment door behind him. Poppy looked around the hospital room unhappily.There was nothing so awful about it, except that it was too cold, but †¦it was a hospital. That was thetruth behind thepretty pink-and-blue curtains and the dosed-circuit TV and the dinner menu decoratedwith cartoon characters. It was a place you didn’t come unless you were Pretty Darn Sick. Oh, come on, she told herself. Cheerup a little.What happened to the power of Poppytive thinking? Where’s Poppyanna when you need her? Where’sMary Poppy-ins? God, I’m even making myself gag, she thought. But she found herselfsmilingfaintly, with selfdeprecating humor if nothing else. And the nurses were nice here, and the bed wasextremely cool.Ithad a remote control on theside that bent it intoevery imaginable position. Her mother came in while shewas playing with it. â€Å"I got hold of Cliff; he’ll be herelater. Meanwhile,I think you’d better change so you’re ready for the tests.† Poppy looked at the blue-and-white striped seersucker hospital robe and felt a painful spasm that seemed to reach from her stomach to her back. And something in the deepest part of her said Please, not yet. I’ll never be ready. James pulled his Integra into a parking space on Ferry Street near Stoneham. It wasn’t a nice part of town. Tourists visiting Los Angeles avoided this area. The building was sagging and decrepit. Severalstores were vacant, with cardboard taped over broken windows. Graffiti covered the peeling paint on thecinder-block walls. Even the smog seemed to hang thicker here. Theair itself seemed yellow and cloying. Like a poisonous miasma, it darkened the brightest day and made everything look unreal and ominous. James walked around to the back of the building.There, among the freight entrances of the stores in front, was one door unmarked by graffiti. The signabove it had no words. Just a picture of a blackflower. A black iris. James knocked. The door opened two inches, anda skinny kid in a wrinkled T-shirt peered out with beady eyes. â€Å"It’s me, Ulf,† James said, resisting the temptationto kick the door in. Werewolves, he thought. Why do they have to be so territorial? World. I don’t want to break any laws. I just wanther well.† The slanted blue eyes were searching his face. â€Å"Areyou sure you haven’t broken the laws already?† And when James looked determined not to understand this, she added in a lowered voice, â€Å"Are you sure you’re not in love with her?† James made himself meet the probing gaze directly. He spoke softly and dangerously. â€Å"Don’t say that unless you want a fight.† Gisele looked away. She played with her ring. Thecandle flame dwindled and died. â€Å"James, I’ve known you for a long time,† she saidwithout looking up. â€Å"I don’t want to get you in trouble. I believe you when you say you haven’t brokenany laws–but I think we’d both better forget this conversation. Just walk out now and I’ll pretend itnever happened.† â€Å"And the spell?† â€Å"There’s no such thing. And if there was, Iwouldn’t help you. Just go.† James went.There was one other possibility that he couldthink of. He drove to Brentwood, to an area thatwas as different from the last as a diamond is fromcoal. He parked in a covered carport by a quaint adobe building with a fountain. Red and purplebougainvillaea climbed up the walls to the Spanishtile on the roof. Walking through an archway into a courtyard, hecame to an office with gold letters on the door. Jasper R. Rasmussen, Ph.D. His father was a psychologist. Before he could reach for the handle, the dooropened and a woman came out. She was like mostof his father’s clients, forty-something, obviously rich, wearing a designer jogging suit and high-heeled sandals. She looked a little dazed and dreamy, and therewere two small, rapidly healing puncture wounds on her neck. James went into the office. There was a waitingroom, but no receptionist. Strains of Mozart came from the inner office. James knocked on the door. â€Å"Dad?† The door opened to reveal a handsome man withdark hair. He was wearing a perfectly tailored gray suit and a shirt with French cuffs. He had an aura of power and purpose. But not of warmth. He said, â€Å"What is it, James?† in the same voice he used for his clients: thoughtful, deliberate, confident. â€Å"Do you have a minute?† His father glanced at his Rolex. â€Å"As a matter offact, my next patient won’t be here for half an hour.† â€Å"There’s something I need to talk about.† His father looked at him keenly, then gestured to an overstuffed chair. James eased into it, but found himself pulling forward to sit on the edge. â€Å"What’s on your mind?† James searched for the right words. Everything depended on whether he could make his father under stand. But what were the right words? At last hesettled for bluntness. â€Å"It’s Poppy. She’s been sick for a while, and nowthey think she has cancer.† Dr. Rasmussen looked surprised. â€Å"I’m sorry to hearthat.† But there was no sorrow in his voice. â€Å"And it’s a bad cancer. It’s incredibly painful andjust about one hundred percent incurable.† â€Å"That’s a pity.† Again there was nothing but mildsurprise in his father’s voice. And suddenly James knew where that came from. It wasn’t surprise thatPoppy was sick; it was surprise that James had made a trip just to tell him this. â€Å"Dad, if she’s got this cancer, she’s dying. Doesn’tthat mean anything to you?† Dr. Rasmussen steepled his fingers and stared intothe ruddy gloss of his mahoganydesk. He spoke slowly and steadily. â€Å"James, we’ve been through this before. You know that your mother and I are worried about you getting too dose to Poppy. Too . . . attached †¦to her.† James felt a surge of cold rage. â€Å"Like I got tooattached to Miss Emma?† His father didn’t blink. â€Å"Something like that.† James fought the pictures that wanted to form inhis mind. He couldn’t think about Miss Emma now; he needed to be detached. That was the only way to convince his father. â€Å"Dad, what I’m trying to say is that I’ve knownPoppy just about all my life. She’s useful to me.† â€Å"How? Not in the obvious way. You’ve never fedon her, have you?† James swallowed, feeling nauseated. Feed onPoppy? Use her like that? Even the thought of it made him sick. â€Å"Dad, she’s my friend,† he said, abandoning anypretense of objectivity. â€Å"I can’t just watch her suffer. I can’t. I have to do something about it.† His father’s face cleared. â€Å"I see.† James felt dizzy with astonished relief. â€Å"Youunderstand?† â€Å"James, at times one can’t help a certain feeling of . . .compassion for humans. In general, I wouldn’t encourage it-but you have known Poppya long while. You feel pity for her suffering. If youwant to make that suffering shorter, then, yes, Iunderstand.† The relief crashed down around James. He stared at his father for a few seconds, then said softly, â€Å"Mercy killing? I thought the Elders had put a banon deaths in this area.† â€Å"Just be reasonably discreet about it. As long as itseems to be natural, we’ll all look the other way. There won’t be any reason to call in the Elders.† There was a metallic taste in James’s mouth. Hestood and laughed shortly. â€Å"Thanks, Dad. You’ve really helped a lot.† His father didn’t seem to hear the sarcasm. â€Å"Gladto do it, James. By the way, how are things at the apartments?† â€Å"Fine,† James said emptily. â€Å"And at school?† â€Å"School’s over, Dad,† James said, and let himselfout. In the courtyard he leaned against an adobe walland stared at the splashing water of the fountain. He was out of options. Out of hope. The laws ofthe Night World said so. If Poppy had the disease, she would die from it. How to cite Night World : Secret Vampire Chapter 3, Essay examples

The Five Doctrinal Tenets Of Islam Essay Example For Students

The Five Doctrinal Tenets Of Islam Essay Final Graded CopyGrade: 95The Five Doctrinal Tenets of Islam:Supporting Pillars for the FaithfulThe Five Doctrinal Tenets of Islam:Supporting Pillars for the Faithful I. Introduction to IslamA. Numbers in IslamB. The Prophet Muhammad and the HadithII. The Five Pillars of IslamA. The Statement of Faith (Shahadah)B. The Establishment of Prayers (Salah)C. The Giving of Alms (Zakah)D. Fasting (Sawm)E. Pilgrimage to Mecca (Hajj)III. The Effect of the Five Pillars on the Islamic Life The Five Doctrinal Tenets of Islam:Supporting Pillars for the Faithful Islam is, debatably, the fastest growing religion in the world today. At a level of 1.2 billion, they represent approximately 22% of the worlds population. Moslems make up the second largest religion in the world, surpassed only to Christianity at 33%. This is according to the 1999 World Almanac and Book of Facts (724). What is Islam? Who is a Moslem? What do they believe? How does one become a Moslem? In 1964, Philip K. Hitti addressed the rapid emergence of Islam throughout the world in his writing History of the Arabs. In his book, he stated that every eighth person in our world today is a follower of Muhammad. He continues to say The Moslem call to prayer rings out through most of the twenty-four hours of the day, encircling the large portion of the globe in its warm belt (Hitti 3). Today, some thirty-six years later, Islam has become the place of comfort, peace, and faith for over one billion people. To have this type of growth there must be an underlying foundation to the movement. As any builder can attest, in order for a structure to maintain its integrity the support for that structure must be stabilized and strengthened. Within the holy writings of Islam the support and structure of the faithful is proclaimed. The concept of no deity except God is always alive within the heart of a Moslem. They recognize that he alone is the Creator, the Provider and Sustainer, and the true Reality; the source of all things of all benefits and harm. This belief requires that He be worshipped and obeyed. We will write a custom essay on The Five Doctrinal Tenets Of Islam specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now In the Holy Koran, God has made obedience to the teachings of the Prophet Muhammad incumbent upon the all believers. The teachings of Prophet Muhammad are available today in the form of Hadith. Although Islamic faith and beliefs are vast, the establishing doctrine, i.e., foundation, for Islam remains to be the five pillars of faith. The first is a statement of faith, the subsequent four are major exercises of faith of which some are daily, some weekly, some monthly, some annually, and some are required as a minimum once in a lifetime. The Five Pillars of IslamThese Five Pillars are the frameworks of a Muslims life. At one time, when the Prophet Muhammad was asked to give a definition of Islam, he named the Five Pillars. In the Hadith, the collection of sayings of Muhammed, these exercises of faith are stated to serve mans spiritual purposes, satisfy his human needs, and to mark his whole life with a Divine touch (Hadith Shih Bukhari, Volume 1, Book 2, Number 7). The writings comprising the Hadith, while regarded as an excellent guide to living, are not regarded as having the same status as the Holy Koran (Quran). The major duties, nevertheless, in the life of a Moslem are to fulfill these Five Pillars. They are:1. The Statement of Faith (Shahadah) 2. The Establishment of Prayers (Salah)3. The Giving of Alms (Zakah)4. Fasting (Sawm), and5. Pilgrimage to Mecca (Hajj). .ubf4837d2b69fe52b459ae13b36376997 , .ubf4837d2b69fe52b459ae13b36376997 .postImageUrl , .ubf4837d2b69fe52b459ae13b36376997 .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .ubf4837d2b69fe52b459ae13b36376997 , .ubf4837d2b69fe52b459ae13b36376997:hover , .ubf4837d2b69fe52b459ae13b36376997:visited , .ubf4837d2b69fe52b459ae13b36376997:active { border:0!important; } .ubf4837d2b69fe52b459ae13b36376997 .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .ubf4837d2b69fe52b459ae13b36376997 { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .ubf4837d2b69fe52b459ae13b36376997:active , .ubf4837d2b69fe52b459ae13b36376997:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .ubf4837d2b69fe52b459ae13b36376997 .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .ubf4837d2b69fe52b459ae13b36376997 .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .ubf4837d2b69fe52b459ae13b36376997 .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .ubf4837d2b69fe52b459ae13b36376997 .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .ubf4837d2b69fe52b459ae13b36376997:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .ubf4837d2b69fe52b459ae13b36376997 .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .ubf4837d2b69fe52b459ae13b36376997 .ubf4837d2b69fe52b459ae13b36376997-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .ubf4837d2b69fe52b459ae13b36376997:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Minimum wage EssayAs distinct as the Ten Commandments are to members of the Christian and Judaic faiths, each of the Five Pillars are direct commands from Allah for his children. The first of these Pillars is:The Statement of Faith (Shahadah). Shahadah is the bearing of witness to Allah. This is a declaration of faith. In his declaration, a Muslim proclaims ASH-HADU ANLA ELAHA ILLA-ALLAH WA ASH-HADU ANNA MOHAMMADAN RASUL-ALLAH. The English translation is I bear witness that there is no deity (none truly to be worshipped) but, Allah, and I bear witness that Muhammad is the messenger of Allah. The Shahadah is repeated at least on a daily basis. Having acknowledged this withi n his heart, the second Pillar of Islam is instituted:The Establishment of Prayers (Salah). Ordered time for prayers is essential for maximum benefit to both the faith and to the believer. The Shahadah is to be performed five times a day: morning, at noon, mid-afternoon, after sunset and just before sleeping. Ones body is to be toward the holy city of Mecca, or toward the east, where the Prophet Muhammad was born. No other form of worship can be compared to the prayer (Salah), for it is the basis of religion, without which there would be no religion or faith. The earlier prophets (e.g., Abraham, David, and Jesus) and their followers practiced prayer in some form as an essential part of the religion of God. Islam, which is considered the final stage, completion, and confirmation of a monotheistic religion, considers prayer essential. Its denial removes one from the ranks of Islam. Obligatory prayers are performed the aforementioned five times a day, and are a direct link between the worshiper and God. As stated by Sayyid Abu Al-Ala Maududi in Islam: Its Meaning and Message, There is no hierarchical authority or priesthood in Islam, so a person learned in the Quran leads group prayers. These prayers contain verses from the Quran, and they are said in Arabic, the language of the revelation itself (Al-Ala Maududi 12). Personal prayers, on the other hand, may be offered in ones own language. While the shahadah is paramount in becoming a true Moslem, and the Salah is necessary in maintaining a close relationship with Allah, a concern for others is stressed within the confines of the third of the Five Pillars of Islam: The Giving of Alms (Zakah). Synonymous with the tithe of the Christian faith, Zakah is expected and ordered of the faithful of Islam. It is an act of worship and spiritual investment. The literal meaning of Zakah is purity, and it refers to the annual amount that a Moslem with means must distribute among the rightful needy. Ibrahim Shabaan, a Tyler, Texas business owner and native of Libya, North Africa, commented recently in a conversation that the Zakah is not viewed as an obligation, although it is one. It is, to the Moslem, viewed as an honor in which to help his brother in need. It must be noted, however, that Zakah is intended for ones Moslem brothers in need. The charity given not only purifies the contributor, but also purifies his heart from selfishness and greed. Furthermore, it purifies the heart of the needy one from envy, hatred, or jealousy, and replaces these undesirable thoughts with those of good will and wishes of happiness for the contributors. The list of recipients of Zakah is multiple: the Moslem poor and needy, the new Moslem converts, and the Moslem prisoners of war (as a means to free them). It is also intended for Moslems in debt, those appointed to collect the charity and Moslems in service of research or study or propagation of Islam. This is not an exhaustive list. As needs arise within the family of the Islamic faith, the charity is distributed. .u9179ecfa71cf47222920ff735042705d , .u9179ecfa71cf47222920ff735042705d .postImageUrl , .u9179ecfa71cf47222920ff735042705d .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .u9179ecfa71cf47222920ff735042705d , .u9179ecfa71cf47222920ff735042705d:hover , .u9179ecfa71cf47222920ff735042705d:visited , .u9179ecfa71cf47222920ff735042705d:active { border:0!important; } .u9179ecfa71cf47222920ff735042705d .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .u9179ecfa71cf47222920ff735042705d { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .u9179ecfa71cf47222920ff735042705d:active , .u9179ecfa71cf47222920ff735042705d:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .u9179ecfa71cf47222920ff735042705d .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .u9179ecfa71cf47222920ff735042705d .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .u9179ecfa71cf47222920ff735042705d .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .u9179ecfa71cf47222920ff735042705d .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .u9179ecfa71cf47222920ff735042705d:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .u9179ecfa71cf47222920ff735042705d .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .u9179ecfa71cf47222920ff735042705d .u9179ecfa71cf47222920ff735042705d-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .u9179ecfa71cf47222920ff735042705d:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Unemployment EssayIn order to increase ones spiritual depth it is necessary at times to purge the needs of the body. In Islam, the needs of the body are considered to complicate closeness to Allah. To become the vessel needed to accept all Allah has to give, the Moslem faithful practice another purging of the soul. Fasting (Sawm). Personal fasting and prayer may be done at the discretion of the individual. Recommended personal fasting times and dates are suggested, but are not viewed as an obligation. Once a year, however, during the month of Ramadan (the ninth month of the Islamic year), obligatory fasting takes place. Abstinence is ordered in the form of eating, drinking, allowing intimate sexual contacts, and smoking. These restrictions of the daily life are in place from the break of dawn until sunset. Fasting teaches man the principle of sincere love to God. It brings to an individuals heart the understanding of hope, devotion, patience, and self-control. Willpower, discipline, unity, and brotherhood are also learned. The obligatory fast is intended for every adult Moslem, whether male or female, if he/she is mentally and physically able. If on a journey, the fast may be postponed, but the exercise is to be made up later. Exceptions to the fast are women during their unclean period (menstruation) or while nursing a child, and in case of travel and sickness for both men and women. Sheikh (sic) Muhammed Salih Al-Munajjid, in Al-Siyaam 70 Matters Related to Fasting, states:It is better for a menstruating woman to remain natural and accept what Allaah has decreed for her by not taking any medication to prevent her from bleeding. She should be content with what Allaah accepts from her of breaking her fast during her period and making those days up later. This is how the Mothers of the Believers and the women of the salaf were (Al-Munajjid 66). Pilgrimage (Hajj)The fifth, and final, Pillar of Islam is an obligation to those within the faith that are able physically and financially. Similar to a Christians desire to journey to the Holy Land, the Hajj is the ordered pilgrimage of all able Moslems to the city of Prophet Mohammeds birth, Mecca in Saudi Arabia. Pilgrims who participate in the Hajj wear very simple garments that denote no status or wealth. Without the appearance of wealth, all people stand equal before God. Moslems pray for Allahs forgiveness while they fulfill the once in a lifetime duty that is their pilgrimage to Mecca. In Islamic history, the Hajj commemorates the Divine rituals observed by Prophet Abraham and his son, Ishmael, who were the first pilgrims to the house of Allah on earth: the Kabah. It is also to remember, and anticipate, the great assembly of the Day of Judgment when people will stand equal before Allah. Moslems go to Mecca to glorify Allah, not to worship a man. The Five Pillars are the basis of Islamic religion because they structure the spiritual life of an individual Moslem. The spiritual life has a direct effect on the personal and interpersonal life of the faithful. The personal life of the Islamic man or woman is hoped to influence the spiritual life of the non-Moslem. It will bring the non-Moslem to the point of conversion to Islam. The choice, however, is to the individual. There are no pressure tactics used, but only the prayer that example will lead one to Allah. In essence, the Prophet Muhammad declared of the Five Pillars of Islam to serve mans spiritual purposes, satisfy his human needs and to mark his whole life with Divine touch (Muhammed). Religion Essays

The Ancient Indus Valley Civilization

The Ancient Indus Valley Civilization When 19th-century explorers and 20th-century archaeologists rediscovered the ancient Indus Valley civilization, the history of the Indian sub-continent had to be rewritten.* Many questions remain unanswered. The Indus Valley civilization is an ancient one, on the same order as Mesopotamia, Egypt, or China. All these areas relied on important rivers: Egypt relying on the annual flooding of the Nile, China on the Yellow River, the ancient Indus Valley civilization (aka Harappan, Indus-Sarasvati, or Sarasvati) on the Sarasvati and Indus rivers, and Mesopotamia outlined by the Tigris and Euphrates rivers. Like the people of Mesopotamia, Egypt, and China, the people of the Indus civilization were culturally rich and share a claim to the earliest writing. However, there is a problem with the Indus Valley that doesnt exist in such pronounced form elsewhere. Evidence is missing elsewhere, through the accidental depredations of time and catastrophes or deliberate suppression by human authorities, but to my knowledge, the Indus Valley is unique among major ancient civilizations in having a major river disappear. In place of the Sarasvati is the much smaller Ghaggar stream that ends in the Thar desert. The great Sarasvati once flowed into the Arabian Sea, until it dried up in about 1900 B.C. when the Yamuna changed course and instead flowed into the Ganges. This may correspond with the late period of the Indus Valley civilizations. Mohenjo-Daro - From Archaeology at About.com The mid-second millennium is when the Aryans (Indo-Iranians) may have invaded and possibly conquered the Harappans, according to a very controversial theory. Before then, the great Bronze Age Indus Valley civilization flourished in an area greater than one million square km. It covered parts of Punjab, Haryana, Sindh, Baluchistan, Gujarat and fringes of Uttar Pradesh. On the basis of artifacts of trade, it appears to have flourished at the same time as the Akkadian civilization in Mesopotamia. Indus Housing If you look at an Harappan housing plan, youll see straight lines (a sign of deliberate planning), orientation to the cardinal points, and a sewer system. It held the first great urban settlements on the Indian subcontinent, most notably at the citadel cities of Mohenjo-Daro and Harappa. Indus Economy and Subsistence The people of the Indus Valley farmed, herded, hunted, gathered, and fished. They raised cotton and cattle (and to a lesser extent, water buffalo, sheep, goats, and pigs), barley, wheat, chickpeas, mustard, sesame, and other plants. They had gold, copper, silver, chert, steatite, lapis lazuli, chalcedony, shells, and timber for trading. Writing The Indus Valley civilization was literate we know this from seals inscribed with a script that is now only in the process of being deciphered. [An aside: When it is finally deciphered, it should be a big deal, as was Sir Arthur Evans deciphering of Linear B. Linear A still needs deciphering, like the ancient Indus Valley script.] The first literature of the Indian subcontinent came after the Harappan period and is known as Vedic. It doesnt appear to mention the Harappan civilization. The Indus Valley civilization flourished in the third millennium B.C. and suddenly disappeared, after a millennium, in about 1500 B.C. possibly as a result of tectonic/volcanic activity leading to the formation of a city-swallowing lake. Next: Problems of the Aryan Theory in Explaining Indus Valley History *Possehl says that prior to the archaeological investigations starting in 1924, the earliest reliable date for the history of India was spring of 326 B.C. when Alexander the Great raided the northwestern border. References Imaging River Sarasvati: A Defence of Commonsense, by Irfan Habib. Social Scientist, Vol. 29, No. 1/2 (Jan. - Feb., 2001), pp. 46-74.Indus Civilization, by Gregory L. Possehl. The Oxford Companion to Archaeology. Brian M. Fagan, ed., Oxford University Press 1996.Revolution in the Urban Revolution: The Emergence of Indus Urbanization, by Gregory L. Possehl. Annual Review of Anthropology, Vol. 19, (1990), pp. 261-282.The Role of India in the Diffusion of Early Cultures, by William Kirk. The Geographical Journal, Vol. 141, No. 1 (Mar., 1975), pp. 19-34.Social Stratification in Ancient India: Some Reflections, by Vivekanand Jha. Social Scientist, Vol. 19, No. 3/4 (Mar. - Apr., 1991), pp. 19-40. A 1998 article, by Padma Manian, on world history textbooks gives an idea of what we may have learned about the Indus Civilization in traditional courses, and debated areas: Harappans and Aryans: Old and New Perspectives of Ancient Indian History, by Padma Manian. The History Teacher, Vol. 32, No. 1 (Nov., 1998), pp. 17-32. Major CitiesAll the textbooks Manian examines mention the cities of Harappa and Mohenjo Daro, their urban features of ordered streets, sewers, citadels, granaries and the bath at Mohenjo-Daro, artifacts, including seals in a yet undeciphered language. Some authors mention the area of civilization was more than a million square kilometers. One author mentions another excavated city, Kalinagan, and most of the books mention the surrounding villages.DatesMost date the Indus Valley civilization from 2500-1500 B.C., although there is an alternative, 3000-2000. The year 1500 is listed as the year of the Aryan (or Indo-Iranian) invasion.Decline of the Indus CivilizationSome attribute the fall of the Indus civilization to the Aryans, destroyers and enslavers of the Indus people. Others say environmental changes caused the fall. Some say both.Identification of the AryansThe books call the Aryans pastoral nomads. Their origins include grasslands of Eastern Europe/Western Asia, the Caspian Sea, Anatolia, and south-central Asia. The books also claim they came with cattle and some say they already had iron weapons, while others say they developed them in India. One claims they crossed the Himalayas in horse-drawn chariots. Victory Over the Indigenous PeopleAll the textbooks assume the Aryans were victorious and regard the Vedas as written by these invaders.CasteThere are various interpretations of the caste system. In one, when the Aryans arrived on the scene there were already 3 castes in India. In another interpretation, the Aryans brought and imposed their own tripartite system. The dark-skinned people are generally considered the conquered people and the lighter skinned ones, the Aryans. Problems With the Aryan Theory in the Typical Presentations ChronologyThe idea that Harappan civilization fell as a result of the arrival of the Aryans. Harappa had lost its urban character by 2000 B.C., 500 years before the Aryan arrival. Traces of Harappa ElsewhereIndicators of refugees, including lustrous Red Ware, until about 1000 B.C. Refugees fled north-eastward; some residents east to the Gulf of Cambay. Lack of Aryan TracesPainted Grey Ware pottery formerly attributed to the Aryans has not been found along their possible courses, but appears to be an outgrowth of earlier Indian styles. LinguisticHistorical linguistic reasoning about the origin of the Aryans is faulty. (This is a complicated topic summarized by Kris Hirst.) Nomad Status QuestionableArchaeologist Colin Renfrew denies that there is any evidence in the Rig Veda that Aryans were invaders or nomads. Sarasvati ChronologySince the Rig Vedas refer to the Sarasvati as a large river, they must have been written before 1900 B.C., so the people mentioned in it must have already be en there.

Definition and Examples of Memory in Classical Rhetoric

Definition and Examples of Memory in Classical Rhetoric Definition In classical rhetoric, memory is the fourth of the traditional five parts or canons of rhetoricthat which considers methods and devices (including figures of speech) to aid and improve an orators ability to remember a speech. Also called  memoria. In ancient Greece, memory was personified as Mnemosyne, the mother of the Muses. Memory was known as mneme in Greek, memoria in Latin. See Examples and Observations below. Also see: Bathtub EffectClassical Rhetoric Dissoi Logoi: Dissoi Logoi on MemoryMnemonicOratory Parable: The Invention of LettersWhat Are the Five Canons of Rhetoric? EtymologyFrom the Latin, mindful   Examples and Observations In general, Roman writers on rhetoric (and, according to them their Hellenistic predecessors) avoided deciding whether memory was a natural ability or a learned skill by dividing it into two kinds. There was what was called the natural memory, which was simply an individuals aptitude for recalling things. This natural memory could be supplemented by the techniques of artificial memory, a set of practices that enabled their user to remember more clearly, more completely, more systematically, or simply more than his natural memory would allow.(William West, Memory in Encyclopedia of Rhetoric, ed. Thomas O. Sloane. Oxford University Press, 2001) The Mnemonic Place SystemIt is not difficult to get hold of the general principles of the mnemonic. The first step was to imprint on the memory a series of loci or places. The commonest, though not the only, type of mnemonic place system used was the architectural type. The clearest description of the place is that given by Quintilian [in Instit utio Oratoria]. In order to form a series of places in memory, he says, a building is to be remembered, as spacious and varied a one as possible . . .. The images by which the speech is to be remembered . . . are then placed in imagination on the places which have been memorized in the building. . . . We have to think of the ancient orator as moving in imagination through his memory building whilst he is making his speech, drawing from the memorized places the images he has placed on them. The method ensures that the points are remembered in the right order.(Frances A. Yates, The Art of Memory. Routledge and Kegan Paul, 1966) Oral Memory and the Art of Memory: Orality and LiteracySome distinctions between oral memory and the art of memory (the fourth canon in classical rhetoric) should be articulated in future studies on memory. Whereas oral memory is a conception for cultural oral traditions and, specifically, for oral epic traditions, the art of memory is a reconceived view of memory that was articulated by rhetoricians and was clearly influenced by the increased acceptance and use of literacy in Greek culture. Thus, Frances Yatess seminal work, The Art of Memory, begins with a rhetorical, not a poetic, tradition. The very notion of memory as inner writing shows the early influence of literacy on the rhetorical tradition of memory. . . . The evolving art of memory shows orality and literacy working together.(Joyce Irene Middleton, Oral Memory and the Teaching of Literacy. Rhetorical Memory and Delivery: Classical Concepts for Contemporary Composition and Communication, ed. by John Frederick Reynolds. L awrence Erlbaum, 1993) Memory as a Creative ForceIn rhetoric, memory craft is a stage in composing a work; presupposed is the axiom that recollection is an act of investigation and recreation in the service of conscious artifice. Its practitioners would not have been surprised to learn what was to them already obvious: that recollection is a kind of composition, and by its very nature is selective and formal.(Mary Jean Carruthers, The Book of Memory: A Study of Memory in Medieval Culture, 2nd ed. Cambridge University Press, 2008) Kairos and MemoryIt seems paradoxical, but kairos and memory were partnered in several ways. First, both require a kind of attunement in that the rhetor who is gathering items for reserve in the memory must be thinking simultaneously about whats available now that might be useful later. Secondly, memory requires an attunement during the moment of speaking or composing, a recognition of the right time for recalling an illustrative example, an argument, and so on. . . . It is also of crucial importance to be aware of what events or knowledge might dominate the memories of a particular audience. . . . All of these aspects of memory , we believe, connect to kairos, the ancient notion of timing and attunement.(Sharon Crowley and Debra Hawhee, Ancient Rhetorics for Modern Students, 3rd ed. Pearson, 2004) The Suppression of Memory in Composition StudiesIt is crucial to an understanding of Western literacy at this millennium to recognize that the disappearance of memory and delivery is not a benign removal; rather, it is part of a larger movement in the United States to pablumize the humanities in general, and to vitiate writing in particular by behaving as if it were a mere skill, craft, or useful tool. . . .Many issues of culture, ideology, society, and the construction of public and private lives reside in the functions of memory and delivery; public and private realms are routinely and tacitly regarded not as construction, but as palpably, obviously separate entities. The elimination of memory and delivery in the majority of student writing textbooks constitutes the removal of student-written language from the larger public arena. The removal reinforces the common, dualistic idea that students live outside ideology if they choose to do so, just as they are outside language if they choose to be.(Kathleen E. Welch, The Suppression of Memory, Delivery, and Ideology. Rhetorical Memory and Delivery: Classical Concepts for Contemporary Composition and Communication, ed. by John Frederick Reynolds. Lawrence Erlbaum, 1993) Pronunciation: MEM-eh-ree

Business Proposal for a new international SME Assignment

Business Proposal for a new international SME - Assignment Example The competitive advantages and disadvantages of the proposed business are also highlighted. In the subsequent section, operation of the proposed business is provided along with recommendations. Table of Contents Executive Summary 2 Introduction 4 Analysis of the International Business Opportunity 9 Operation of the Proposed Business 15 Conclusion 18 Recommendations 19 References 23 Bibliography 28 Introduction Small and medium enterprises (SMEs) have started to play significant role in global trade. Statistics gathered by Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD) and other sources have indicated that SMEs have at present account for substantial part of exports from industrialized nations throughout the world (Knight, 2001). According to the statistics of OECD (1997), SMEs account for around 25% - 35% of the global manufactured exports and around 4% - 6% of the exports of OECD countries. These statistics have indeed established facts and support the internationaliza tion activities of SMEs. In recent times, ever increasing contribution of technological advancements and continuous easing out of regulatory advances have led to easier flow of transport, goods/services, information as well as finance in and around national borders. These factors have made SMEs a major contributor towards growth in the global economy (Fletcher, 2004). Recent growth of globalization has resulted in subsequent increase in the internationalization of SMEs. Along with globalization, advancement in transportation and increase in computerization have contributed towards the SMEs looking beyond their own country for business growth and opportunity (Suh & Et. Al., 2008). International Entrepreneurship In the growth and development of business, an SME and their management need to interrelate their expansion venture keeping in view the crucial aspects related to international entrepreneurship. International entrepreneurship assumes that becoming entrepreneurial and acting ent repreneurially is a dual process. This process generally gets integrated in practice. SMEs before looking towards international expansion generally looks towards building market, financial as well as entrepreneurial resources in their own country of origin. Later, they look to build on their existing capabilities by venturing towards global domain (Fletcher, 2004). The study intends to prepare a business proposal for an international SME i.e. Practicus. The SME is situated in the UK. It is primarily a recruitment company which provides value to their esteemed clients by offering their services in various fields related to human resource such as interim management, outcome risk &reward, project & programme management, capability & skills transfer, outcome healthcheck, project media & communications. The organization renders their services related to international change delivery business along with a distinctive approach in order to assist clients with various value added support. Th e organization’s major aim is to deliver as well as embed sustainable change (Practicus, 2011). Practicus, around six years ago, was only seen as an idea. However, through sustained effort it has at present grown to possess four offices in the UK and has opened new offices in Australia and the Netherlands. The firm in the year 2010 was listed at the 13th position by Sunday Times in terms of

Professional Learning Communities Research Proposal

Professional Learning Communities - Research Proposal Example (DuFour, 2004, pp.6-11). For Senge, the five key disciplines underlying the concept of PLC include organizational learning, shared vision, mental models, team learning and systems thinking whereas Hord believes these five key elements to be supportive and shared leadership, shared values and vision, collective learning and application of learning, supportive conditions and shared personal practice (Alberta Education, 2006, pp.8 & 9). Since teachers play a key role in the over all accomplishment of any educational institute, they have become the cynosure of professional learning communities where they are considered as learners who are in a constant process of mentoring and being mentored. The reason behind bringing the teachers to the centre of attention is the fact that any kind of improvement happening in any classroom involves the participation of a teacher (Schwarz: 1998). Any development in teachers would not only improve students’ performance but would also motivate the teachers themselves. As a consequence of aggrandizing trend of professional learning communities, the education system has witnessed a considerable phase of amelioration. According to the studies of Wisconsin Department of Public Instruction, as a result of professional development, the teachers do not confine their lessons to the conventional facts but keep updating their knowledge with latest developments in their fields. Similarly, the teachers do not expect normative feedback but appreciate multiple perspectives from their students. They also design the curriculum in such a way that the knowledge inculcated to the students becomes more thought provoking. In order to elucidate various concepts, they try to extract examples from the real life situations instead to sticking to the text book instances. Through the practice of collegiality facilitated by PLCs, teachers are now able to work in groups in order to share different teaching strategies about